From Sampling to Auto-Tune: Intergenerational Divergence in R&B Vocal Production and Audience Acceptance

Abstract

This article examines the relationship among technological progress in R&B music production (e.g., sampling technology, Auto-Tune usage) and intergenerational audience acceptance patterns. Applying a mixed-methods design that combines quantitative audience surveys (N=847) across four generational cohorts (Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, Generation Z) with acoustic analysis of 240 R&B songs spanning 1980-2023, we explore how vocal rhythm design evolved in conjunction with these technologies, and how different age groups react to such changes. The findings reveal notable age-based differences in acceptance, with more favorable audience (Gen Z: 78.4% acceptance) opinion towards Auto-Tune usage on music recordings when compared to older generations (Baby Boomer: 31.2% acceptance). Sampling technology has more intergenerational playability (64.7% overall playability) than Auto-Tune (52.3% overall playability). The research demonstrates that the patterns of acceptance are closely influenced by perceptions of technological authenticity, the length of exposure, as well as by cultural context. This extends previous research on how production technologies, when applied to genres, create new subgenres and specific audience segments in the context of contemporary R&B music.